http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought - ***Stock holders toil not, neither do they spin, to earn [dividends and share price More

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought - ***Stock holders toil not, neither do they spin, to earn [dividends and share price increases] . They are bene***ciaries by position only. Justi* **cation for their inheritance... can be founded only upon social grounds... that justi***cation turns on the distribution as well as the existence of wealth. Its force exists only in direct ratio to the number of individuals who hold such wealth. Justi*** cation for the stock holder's existence thus depends on increasing distribution within the American population. Ideally the stock holder's position will be impregnable only when every American family has its fragment of that position and of the wealth by which the opportunity to develop individuality becomes fully actualized.***[75] After the war, John Kenneth Galbraith (1908-2006) became one of the standard bearers for pro-active government and liberaldemocrat politics. In The Affluent Society (1958), Galbraith argued voters reaching a certain material wealth begin to vote against the common good. He argued that the "conventional wisdom" of the conservative consensus was not enough to solve the [76] In an age of big business, he problems of social inequality. argued, it is unrealistic to think of markets of the classical kind. They set prices and use advertising to create artificial demand for their own products, distorting people's real preferences. Consumer preferences actually come to reflect those of corporations - a "dependence effect" - and the economy as a whole Joh n K. Galbraith [77] In The New Industrial State is geared to irrational goals. began h is career as a Galbraith argued that economic decisions are planned by a h igh flyin g "n ew private-bureaucracy, a technostructure of experts who manipulate dealer", in th e marketing and public relations channels. This hierarchy is self admin istration of serving, profits are no longer the prime motivator, and even Fran k lin Delan o Roosevelt durin g th e managers are not in control. Because they are the new planners, Great Depression . An corporations detest risk, require steady economic and stable in terview from th e markets. They recruit governments to serve their interests with early 1990s is h ere fiscal and monetary policy, for instance adhering to monetarist (h ttp://www.youtube.com policies which enrich money-lenders in the City through increases /watch ?v=jNgfIH5pyxg) in interest rates. While the goals of an affluent society and . complicit government serve the irrational technostructure, public space is simultaneously impoverished. Galbraith paints the picture of stepping from penthouse villas onto unpaved streets, from landscaped gardens to unkempt public parks. In Economics and the Public Purpose (1973) Galbraith advocates a "new socialism" as the solution, nationalising military production and public services such as health care, introducing disciplined salary and price controls to reduce inequality. Post WWII development After the Second World War, and the death of John Maynard Keynes, a group of mostly American economists worked to combine Keynes' economic theory with statistic method mathematical representations. Introductory university economics courses began with the same approach that pulled the divergent strands of economic thought together and present economic theory as a unified whole. This development of a new orthodoxy is referred to as the neoclassical synthesis. "Positive economics" is the term created to describe certain trends and "laws" of economics that be objectively observed and described in a value free way, separate from "normative economic" evaluations and judgments. Policy solutions based on Keynesian theory were routinely implemented by Western governments. Paul Samuelson In the aftermath of the Great Depression leading up to the second world war, Paul Samuelson had been writing his Ph.D. in an attempt to show on how mathematical methods could represent a core of testable economic theory. It was published as Foundations of Economic Analysis in 1947. Samuelson started with two assumptions. First, people and firms will act to maximise their self interested goals. Second, markets tend towards an equilibrium of prices, where demand matches supply. He extended the mathematics to describe equilibrating behaviour of economic systems, including that of the then new macroeconomic theory of John Maynard Keynes. Whilst Richard Cantillon had imitated Isaac Newton's mechanical physics of inertia and gravity in competition [78] the physiocrats had copied the body's blood and the market, Paul Samuelson . system into circular flow of income models, William Jevons had found growth cycles to match the periodicity of sunspots, Samuelson adapted thermodynamics formulae to economic theory. Reasserting economics as a hard science was
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Entire video:Classical and Quantum Information in DNA (Google Workshop on Quantum Biology)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nqHOnVTxJEThe lecturer More

Entire video:Classical and Quantum Information in DNA (Google Workshop on Quantum Biology)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nqHOnVTxJEThe lecturer (Gretchen) shows that quantum information is ‘sandwiched’ along the whole of the DNA molecule, as well as hypothesizing that quantum information must somehow be involved in protein folding to explain the ‘increase of information’ as the linear information from the DNA becomes linear plus ’3-Dimensional’ information in the final folded state of the protein. She also proposed a test and said that if proteins folded differently (or more likely the protein will not fold at all) from the same linear information when the quantum information is disturbed/destroyed that this would be a very strong indication that quantum information was also essential in protein folding, besides the linear information from DNA being essential for protein folding. Of related note:The ‘Fourth Dimension’ Of Living Systemshttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1Gs_qvlM8-7bFwl9rZUB9vS6SZgLH17eOZdT4UbPoy0YThe relevance of continuous variable entanglement in DNA – June 21, 2010Abstract: We consider a chain of harmonic oscillators with dipole-dipole interaction between nearest neighbours resulting in a van der Waals type bonding. The binding energies between entangled and classically correlated states are compared. We apply our model to DNA. By comparing our model with numerical simulations we conclude that entanglement may play a crucial role in explaining the stability of the DNA double helix.http://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4053v1Quantum entanglement holds together life’s blueprintExcerpt: “If you didn’t have entanglement, then DNA would have a simple flat structure, and you would never get the twist that seems to be important to the functioning of DNA,” says team member Vlatko Vedral of the University of Oxford.http://neshealthblog.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/quantum-entanglement-holds-together-lifes-blueprint/Quantum Computing in DNA - HameroffExcerpt: Hypothesis: DNA utilizes quantum information and quantum computation for various functions. Superpositions of dipole states of base pairs consisting of purine (A,G) and pyrimidine (C,T) ring structures play the role of qubits, and quantum communication (coherence, entanglement, non-locality) occur in the “pi stack” region of the DNA molecule.,,, We can then consider DNA as a chain of qubits (with helical twist).Output of quantum computation would be manifest as the net electron interference pattern in the quantum state of the pi stack, regulating gene expression and other functions locally and nonlocally by radiation or entanglement.http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/views/QuantumComputingInDNA.htmlof related note;Stephen Meyer - The Rarity Of Functional Proteins; The Epigentic Information For Body Plans - videohttp://www.metacafe.com/watch/4050681Estimating the prevalence of protein sequences adopting functional enzyme folds: Doug Axe:Excerpt: Starting with a weakly functional sequence carrying this signature, clusters of ten side-chains within the fold are replaced randomly, within the boundaries of the signature, and tested for function. The prevalence of low-level function in four such experiments indicates that roughly one in 10^64 signature-consistent sequences forms a working domain. Combined with the estimated prevalence of plausible hydropathic patterns (for any fold) and of relevant folds for particular functions, this implies the overall prevalence of sequences performing a specific function by any domain-sized fold may be as low as 1 in 10^77, adding to the body of evidence that functional folds require highly extraordinary sequences. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15321723Let’s look at the complexity which goes into crafting the shape of just one single protein molecule. Complexity, instead of rarity, will give us a better indication if a protein molecule is indeed the handi-work of an infinitely powerful Creator.In the year 2000 IBM announced the development of a new super-computer, called Blue Gene, which was 500 times faster than any supercomputer built up until that time. It took 4-5 years to build. Blue Gene stands about six feet high, and occupies a floor space of 40 feet by 40 feet. It cost $100 million to build. It was built specifically to better enable computer simulations of molecular biology. The computer performs one quadrillion (one million billion) computations per second. Despite its speed, it was estimated to take one entire year for it to analyze the mechanism by which JUST ONE “simple” protein will fold onto itself from its one-dimensional starting point to its final three-dimensional shape."Blue Gene's final product, due in four or five years, will be able to "fold" a protein made of 300 amino acids, but that job will take an entire year of full-time computing." Paul Horn, senior vice president of IBM research, September 21, 2000http://www.news.com/2100-1001-233954.htmlNetworking a few hundred thousand computers together has reduced the time to a few weeks for simulating the folding of a single protein molecule:A Few Hundred Thousand Computers vs. A Single Protein Molecule - videohttp://www.metacafe.com/watch/4018233As well, despite some very optimistic claims, it seems future 'quantum computers' will not fair much better in finding functional proteins in sequence space than even a idealized 'material' supercomputer of today can do:The Limits of Quantum Computers – March 2008Excerpt: "Quantum computers would be exceptionally fast at a few specific tasks, but it appears that for most problems they would outclass today’s computers only modestly. This realization may lead to a new fundamental physical principle"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-limits-of-quantum-computersThe Limits of Quantum Computers - Scott Aaronson - 2007Excerpt: In the popular imagination, quantum computers would be almost magical devices, able to “solve impossible problems in an instant” by trying exponentially many solutions in parallel. In this talk, I’ll describe four results in quantum computing theory that directly challenge this view.,,, Second I’ll show that in the “black box” or “oracle” model that we know how to analyze, quantum computers could not solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time, even with the help of nonuniform “quantum advice states”,,,http://www.springerlink.com/content/0662222330115207/Here is Scott Aaronson's blog in which refutes recent claims that P=NP (Of note: if P were found to equal NP, then a million dollar prize would be awarded to the mathematician who provided the proof that NP problems could be solved in polynomial time):Shtetl-OptimizedExcerpt: Quantum computers are not known to be able to solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time.http://scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=456Protein folding is found to be a 'intractable NP-complete problem' by several different methods. Thus protein folding will not be able to take advantage of any advances in speed that quantum computation may offer to any other problems of computation that may be solved in polynomial time:Combinatorial Algorithms for Protein Folding in LatticeModels: A Survey of Mathematical Results – 2009Excerpt: Protein Folding: Computational Complexity4.1NP-completeness: from 10^300 to 2 Amino Acid Types4.2NP-completeness: Protein Folding in Ad-Hoc Models4.3NP-completeness: Protein Folding in the HP-Modelhttp://www.cs.brown.edu/~sorin/pdfs/pfoldingsurvey.pdfAnother factor severely complicating man's ability to properly mimic protein folding is that, much contrary to evolutionary thought, many proteins fold differently in different 'molecular' situations:The Gene Myth, Part II - August 2010Excerpt: the rate at which a protein is synthesized, which depends on factors internal and external to the cell, affects the order in which its different portions fold. So even with the same sequence a given protein can have different shapes and functions. Furthermore, many proteins have no intrinsic shape, taking on different roles in different molecular contexts. So even though genes specify protein sequences they have only a tenuous influence over their functions.http://darwins-god.blogspot.com/2010/08/gene-myth-part-ii.htmlAs a sidelight to the complexity found for folding any relatively short amino acid sequence into a 3-D protein, the complexity of computing the actions of even a simple atom, in detail, quickly exceeds the capacity of our most advanced supercomputers of today:Delayed time zero in photoemission: New record in time measurement accuracy - June 2010Excerpt: Although they could confirm the effect qualitatively using complicated computations, they came up with a time offset of only five attoseconds. The cause of this discrepancy may lie in the complexity of the neon atom, which consists, in addition to the nucleus, of ten electrons. "The computational effort required to model such a many-electron system exceeds the computational capacity of today's supercomputers," explains Yakovlev.http://www.physorg.com/news196606514.htmlAlso of interest to the extreme difficultly man has in computing the folding of a single protein within any reasonable amount of time, it seems water itself, (H2O), was 'designed' with protein folding in mind:Protein Folding: One Picture Per Millisecond Illuminates The Process - 2008Excerpt: The RUB-chemists initiated the folding process and then monitored the course of events. It turned out that within less than ten milliseconds, the motions of the water network were altered as well as the protein itself being restructured. “These two processes practically take place simultaneously“, Prof. Havenith-Newen states, “they are strongly correlated.“ These observations support the yet controversial suggestion that water plays a fundamental role in protein folding, and thus in protein function, and does not stay passive.http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080805075610.htmWater Is 'Designer Fluid' That Helps Proteins Change Shape - 2008Excerpt: "When bound to proteins, water molecules participate in a carefully choreographed ballet that permits the proteins to fold into their functional, native states. This delicate dance is essential to life."http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080806113314.htm
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